postulated by American social psychologists Keith E. Davis and Edward Jones, a design depicting how individuals build indicators about other individual's unwavering character traits from viewing their behaviors- communication between actions and traits carries a higher probability of being implied if the acting person is evaluated and deemed to have behaved: (i) deliberately, (ii) in a manner which doesn't generally elicit awards or social praise, (iii) freely, and (iv) in a manner which is irregular for an individual in the topic scenario.