Substance Abuse Disorders

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DISJUNCTIVE TASK

A task or project of a group that is completed when a single solution is adopted by the group. Compare

DIVERGENT THINKING

Thinking that formulates new solutions to problems. Compare convergent thinking.

DYNAMIC FORMULATION

The attempt to organise a clients information so the therapist can better treat and understand the client.

EGO WEAKNESS

Psychoanalytical theory. The ability of the ego to control impulses and to tolerate frustration, disappointment and stress. Compare ego strength.

EMOTIONAL INSULATION

Defense mechanism. Where indifferent and detached responses are made in frustrating situations.

EMPTY ORGANISM PSYCHOLOGY

Behavioural psychology. Attempts to predict and control behaviour based on external observable stimulus and reinforcement conditions.

ESCAPISM

The tendency a person has to escape from the real world to one of delight or security.

EXPECTANCY

1. Behavioural psychology. The state where an organism anticipates an event based on previous experience. 2. Cognitive psychology. Mental set

EXTERNAL CONTROL

The belief that one's experience and behaviour are determined by luck, circumstances, other people and external factors. Compare internal control.

LIFE-HISTORY METHOD

an interview which takes a structured approach to obtaining historical data about events when evaluating an individuals current functioning.

MANIFESTATION

An indication of the onset of a condition or complex.

MECHANISM

is an umbrella term for a variety of different meanings. In terms of processes and systems, a mechanism is a

MENTAL STATUS EXAMINATION (MSE)

a complete evaluation of a patients mental health taking into consideration data including interviews taken by professionals to standardized tests.

MIRRORING

is the process of emulating, or copying exactly the behaviours, speech, and characteristics of another individual. Therapists can sometimes employ

MORTALITY SALIENCE

is the cognitive accessibility and process through which an individual considers the inevitability of their own death. This inevitability has

NEGATIVE ACCELERATION

is the binary opposite to positive acceleration where a situation which should change the rate of development of a variable

NEUROTICISM

is an umbrella term used to describe a range of meanings. For example, neuroticism could detail a state of neurosis

OBJECTIVE SCORING

scoring an examination by way of a formula or key, so that varied scorers will come to the exact same

OPTIMAL LEVEL THEORY

any theory which stresses living beings' strife to reach optimal levels of some attribute, like arousal or stimulation, tension, foraging,

OVERJUSTIFICATION EFFECT

a paradoxical effect wherein praising an individual for their performance can generate lower, instead of higher, strife and achievement. It