Substance Abuse Disorders

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ECLECTIC COUNSELING

Counselling combining different techniques and findings.

EMOTION

The complex reaction pattern that involves experiential, behavioural and physiological elements.

EMOTIONAL STRESS

The feeling of psychological strain.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

The study of the distribution and incidence of diseases and disorders. See incidence- relative risk.

ETIOLOGY

1. Cause and progression of a disease. 2. Science dealing with the causes of physical and mental disorders.

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Any research based on random experiments to draw a causal inference.

LEARNED OPTIMISM

A psychotherapy mechanism where patients systematically remove depressive thoughts concentrating on the positive.

LOOKING-GLASS SELF

is a theory which attempts to explain the mechanism and reasoning behind humans consistent attempts to evaluate their own performance

MARASMUS

is a condition which results in- apathy, withdrawal from normal routines, emaciation from a lack of protein nutrition and if

MELATONIN

is an hormone found in humans which has been implicated in the processes of sleep regulation. Melatonin is secreted by

METHODOLOGICAL OBJECTIVISM VERSUS METHOD

first proposed by U.S. psychologist Robert I. Watson (1909 - 1980) is a prescriptive dimension which can be used to

MODELING THEORY

similar to SLT (social learning theory) where behaviours, cognitions and an individuals emotional state can be changed and influenced by

MULTIPLE CAUSATION

is the philosophical position which explains that a single cause is unlikely to be the result of a single cause,

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

is the removal, prevention or negative reinforcement of a stimulus of a response which will increase the likelihood of that

NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

an abstract continuous probability distribution which is na act of two parameters: the expected value, p, and the variance, o.

OCCASION SETTER

with regard to Pavlovian conditioning, a stimulant which is differentially coupled with a stimulant-stimulant contingency.

OUTCOME

noun. 1. the outcome of an experiment, remediation, interaction, or any other occurrence, for instance, a client's state following psychotherapy.

OXYTOCIN

noun. a hormone generated in the hypothalamus and dispersed by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland in reaction to

PATHOLOGY

1. operational modifications in someone or an organ corresponding to or stemming from illness or disorder. 2. the scientific analysis

PERSEVERATIVE ERROR

the ongoing repetition of an error.