two different forms of managerial philosophy: Theory X employers presume that employees are passive, lazy, and driven only by financial gains and security, whereas Theory Y employers presume that employees want to develop psychologically and are wishful for autonomy and accountability. It is hypothesized that these presumptions are self-fulfilling: Employees who are subjected to Theory X management will operate in a lazy and untrustworthy way, whereas those who are subjected to Theory Y management and are given a workplace which facilitates psychological development will demonstrate creativity and drive. A Theory X employer is authoritarian in leadership style, whereas a Theory Y employer is participative and democratic.